The Yellow Wallpaper And The Rest Cure - 820 Words

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and The Rest Cure The rest cure was one of the treatments given to women with hysteria. The narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, experienced the treatment and the outcome of the treatment. In my belief, the rest cure was somewhat a form of punishment toward the narrator and other women in the Victorian Era, in the 1900s. From the beginning of the short story, the narrator stated that her husband John was a physician of high standing and that he prescribed her rest, the rest cure. (Gilman 553) Her condition was hysteria a very common diagnosis in women in the 1900s. The rest cure was the one of the preferred treatments in that era. The rest cure meant that she had to stay isolated from family and friends for three months, placed on a fatty, milk-based diet, and forbidden to work. (Gilman 553) I believe all of these things led her to go insane. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† took place in the late 1900s. In t he Victorian Era, a woman’s sole purpose in life was to bear children and make their husbands happy. Also, women dressed in very tight corsets which would sometimes cut oxygen and women were fainting. Women also, could not show their ankles, and if they did, they were considered a prostitute. Where exactly did the rest cure come from and is it used today? Silas Weir Mitchell created the rest cure in the 1900s to treat hysteria and other nervous depression conditions. The cure was worse than the so called disease itself. The restShow MoreRelatedThe Rest Cure In The Yellow Wallpaper1570 Words   |  7 Pages The short story The Yellow Wallpaper, was used by the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman to bring awareness of the experiences of depression and the rest cure both mentally, physically, and socially in the 1800s and early 1900s. Suffering from post-partum depression herself, Gilman also went under treatment of the rest cure. As a result, her experiences and struggles are very similar to the ones of her main character in the story. While narrating The Yellow Paper, the main character and Gilman herselfRead More Exploring Rest Cure Therapy in The Yellow Wallpaper781 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Rest Cure Therapy in The Yellow Wallpaper Rest was used as a cure for neurasthenia, but did it really work? The Yellow Wallpaper explores the concept of rest cure therapy and its effectiveness on a woman patient. The best-known doctor for treating neurasthenia was a highly regarded neurologist named Silas Weir Mitchell (Kivo 8). Women from all over the world traveled to the United States to be treated by Silas Weir Mitchell (5). Rest cure therapy included secludingRead MoreAnalysis of Charlotte Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper969 Words   |  4 PagesYellow Wallpaper Annotated Bibliography Frye, C.B. Using Literature in Health Care: Reflections on The Yellow Wallpaper. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. (32: 7). 1998. 829.33. Print. Most people who wrote about The Yellow Wallpaper do so from the perspective of a literary scholar. This however is written by someone in the health care field. C.B. Frye says that fiction can impact the larger world; in this case it impacted mental health and the work of Gillmans doctor, S Weir Mitchell. AlthoughRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Enters the Canon1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper Enters the Canon What I want to see people get rid of... is the idea that home is sacred because the dinner is cooked there. Home is sacred because love and congeniality and companionship are there meaning home is beautiful and blessed because of the love that comes from the home (Gilman). Charlottes great use of detailed words proves that she is a professional when it comes to American gothic writing. Gilman is a master in creating stories that leave the reader completelyRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1312 Words   |  6 Pagespieces of literature are written to convey a specific meaning, or to bring light to certain issues in real life. The short story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written in 1892 about a woman named Jane who is diagnosed with depression and given a treatment named the â€Å"rest cure.† Charlotte Perkins Gilman created this story based on her experiences with the â€Å"rest cure† and sent it to the creator of the treatme nt, S. Weir Mitchell, for criticism (Gilman 419). When read, this short story is usually seenRead MoreThe Deeper Meaning of The Yellow Wallpaper1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical rest cure prescribed during that era and the narrator’s reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth of her daughter Katherine. The rest cure thatRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And `` It s A Girl ``1651 Words   |  7 PagesPerkins Gilmans, who wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to challenge the ideals of society and their treatment towards women. Gilman, faced with the discriminatory and prejudiced challenges of her gender, her childhood shadowed a nd pelted on with poverty, and her mind plagued with the constant, deafening humming of nervous postpartum depression, unambiguously determined that she was going to raise her voice against constant chattering of chauvinist values. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a direct echo of Gilman’sRead MoreYellow Wallpaper Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Full name Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman) American short story writer, essayist, novelist, and autobiographer. The following entry presents criticism of Gilman s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892). The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by nineteenth-century feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was first published in 1892 in New England Magazine. Gilman s story, based upon her own experience with a â€Å"rest cure† for mental illness, wasRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilm A Feminist Writer1105 Words   |  5 Pagessought treatment for these ailments. Silas Wier Mitchell, a physician in the late 19th century, created the Rest Cure in 1873. It was originally prescribed to injured veterans of the Civil War (Stiles 3) but was later used for patients who suffered from depression and hysteria. Most of Mitchell’s patients happened to be women. While Mitchell and other male physicians advocated the rest cure as successful, many women were against it because it made them lose their sense of self and forced them intoRead More Gilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper1290 Words   |  6 PagesGilman Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical rest cure prescribed during that era and the narrator’s reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell

Motivation Of Professionalism And Success - 1188 Words

Maxwell Almaguer Professor Lace English 101 28 February 2015 Motivation to Professionalism Student professionalism and success are required to work together to motivate the student to be an efficient employee in the future. I am a good example of a student in progress because I always arrive on time to my classes or work; follow any directions from my professors or employers, and follow ethics that influence my professional behavior towards other individuals. These ideas and ethics will benefit me in the future because it will satisfy the requirements of employers and will assist me in to obtaining promotions. Professionalism and success is what humans need to survive in modern society. As you read, you will need a basic understanding of ethics and what do they propose towards professionalism. My ethics allowed me to be a great example of student success because every day is one step closer to my educational goals. In order to reach my educational goals, I must follow three simple expectations; arrive on time to class and work to be prepared for assignments and tasks provided by the professor or supervisor. When I follow my ethics, it allows me to behave professionally and accomplish my responsibilities as they come and go. For professional behavior, my definition for student success has now expanded beyond the achievement of goals into a larger realization that success is interdependent and systemic. It doesn’t begin and end with the individual or even two individuals.Show MoreRelatedEmpowerment and Leadership1032 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter. The first trait, empowerment is one’s ability to create a positive change by helping others achieve their own great success. The second trait is discipline or consistency, which is defined as a leader’s ability to gain support from the dependability of their actions and motivations. The third trait of leadership is an individual’s character or professionalism. A leader needs to be professional in all of their interactions with others regardless of the other person’s position or rankRead MoreNursing Professionalism: The Vroom Expectancy Theory Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues in regards to professionalism, motivation, and expected value of undertaking such an important step in ones nursing career. Behavioral and social theories such as the Vroom Expectancy Theory (VET) can help one to put these goals and motivations into perspective. Understanding why certain problem solving and decision making concepts are utilized can also provide a sense of what it means to be a nurse as well as a nursing student. Vroom Expectancy Theory: Motivation of Force, Valence, andRead MoreBook Review Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement by: Thomas J. Sergiovanni799 Words   |  4 Pagesfounded on the beliefs that a school must be a community, that this school community includes parents, teachers, students and other community members. He believes that every student can learn, that caring for the whole child is the key to academic success, and that mutual respect and positive expectations are the operating dynamics. Throughout this book, Sergiovanni is attempting to reframe the role of leadership in a school from an old paradigm focused on management and control and the view thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Roaring Dragon Hotel 857 Words   |  4 PagesRoaring Dragon Hotel. The provincial government hired Hotel International (HI) to modernize the hotel ways of operation (Ganger, 2008). Problem: Roaring Dragon Hotel found it hard to operating in outdated work culture. RDH employees lacked work professionalism. They were not able to communicate in foreign language and used to play cards in working hours. The HI Management implemented some new working standards to fix the issues faced by the hotel but they failed to identify the human aspect in theRead MorePracticing Student Professionalism1129 Words   |  4 Pages Professionalism can be defined in many different ways and from different perspectives. Professionalism is about a lot more than just following policies and procedures. It is also about having essential behaviors such as right attitude, appearance, ethics, knowledge, competence, perseverance, dedication, self-improving and many more. Student professionalism is much more than simply acquiring the best training and skills; it’s also about how a person behaves and acts in order to achieve his or herRead MoreReadiness for Advance Practice Nursing Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pageslife experiences to show understanding of concept of motivation, excellence in performance and application of knowledge. I will also discuss how a successful integration of these concepts in my nursing career has given me the foundation for advanced practice nursing. At the age of eighteen, the tension at home was unbearable with my step mother and I moved out seeking independence and a career in nursing. The two tools I had were motivation and intelligence. By this time, I was determined to becomeRead MoreMy Leadership On The Navys Chief Officer Mission1245 Words   |  5 Pagesthe top. Taking on challenging positions throughout my career and being successful has been a key to my success, but does not come without hard work and determination. I focus my leadership on the Navy’s Chief Petty Officer mission, vision, and guiding principles. It breaks down into seven categories starting with Deckplate Leadership, Institutional and Technical Expertise, Professionalism, Loyalty, Character, Active Communication, and Sense of Heritage. Keywords: Deckplate Leadership, LoyaltyRead MoreThe Open Boat By Stephen Crane1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Open Boat Analysis The Open Boat is a wildly creative text. The author explores fiction and philosophy to achieve a balance of literature professionalism. The text is a masterpiece reality expressed through the creation of characters representatives of society and day to day living. Symbolic use of characters and human titles plays a key role in delivering the message of the author. Stephen Crane, the author exploits the power of harmony to establish a relationship where every individual isRead MoreEssay on Jordan Belfort1106 Words   |  5 Pagestrading practices to create large sums of wealth; this was known as â€Å"pump and dump†. Jordan would issue IPO’s – initial public offering (Investopedia, 2014) to the marketplace, however he would arrange for external investors (partners) to purchase hi Motivation played a big role in Jordan’s life, he contained much of it, and he encouraged himself to succeed despite his downfalls. During his first job, hired as a connector, he was actually demotivated; â€Å"your job Jordan, is a connector, therefore you’llRead MoreSwami Vivekanand What Exactly Is Success?987 Words   |  4 Pagesof it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, and every part of your body be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success.† - Swami Vivekananda What exactly is success? The meaning and value of the term may be divergent in everyone’s opinion. To some success may be gaining financial freedom, it may be achieving an educational goal, or just simply having the gift and ability to formulate a sense of happiness regarding everything and everyone

Intermediate Accounting free essay sample

While financial accounting is the process that culminates in the preparation of financial reports on the enterprise for use by both internal (as managers) and external parties (as investors, creditors, unions, and government agencies), managerial accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, analyzing, and communicating financial information needed by management to plan, control, and evaluate a companys operations. b)One part of Financial Accounting involves the preparation of Financial Statements. What are the Financial Statements most frequently provided? The financial statements most frequently provided are (1) the balance sheet, (2) the income statement, (3) the statement of cash flows, and (4) the statement of owners or stockholders equity. Note disclosures are an integral part of each financial statement. (c)What is the difference between Financial Statements and Financial Reporting? Financial reporting is used to disclose additional financial information, as the presidents letter or supplementary schedules in the corporate annual report, prospectuses, reports filed with government agencies, news releases, managements forecasts, and social or environmental impact statements -, other than formal financial statements when Companies need it because of authoritative pronouncement, regulatory rule, or custom, or wish it voluntarily. We will write a custom essay sample on Intermediate Accounting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some argue that having various organizations establish accounting principles is wasteful and inefficient. Rather than mandating accounting rules, each company could voluntarily disclose the type of information it considered important. In addition, if an investor wants additional information, the investor could contact the company and pay to receive the additional information desired. Comment on the appropriateness of this viewpoint. I think that the need to learn what standards are using each company in order to evaluate its financial statements, and the conversion to another standards in order to be able to compare with other companies will be a mess and that will discourage investors and creditors to provide capital. People need understandable, reliable, useful, and easily comparable information in order to make the most appropriate decisions. And charging interested parties for the information would lead to great inequities!!

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example

Toyota Motor Corporation Paper A competitive advantage occurs when organization can offer customers greater value (lower price, additional services and benefit) over competitors in its marketplace (Make 2011). Strategy is a key assisting tool for a firm in any industry to gain the competitive advantages. Business strategy is the long-term purpose and positioning of the organization within its industry (Miser 2014). Today business environment is more complicated and more regulated especially in developed countries than in previous business era. A genuine strategy is always needed when business create a distinctive way ahead, against the influence of the environment by applying whatever core resources and competencies it belongs (Miser 2014). The firm seeks sustainable competitive advantage through these distinctive capabilities. In this severely violent business world, the automobile industry is extremely competitive, with many large organizations trying to influence their competitive advantages to achieve the majority of market share and position (Business Wire Inc. 2013). This paper is to study the US automobile industry for Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) using five forces analysis that was developed by Michael Porter to identify competitive opportunities and attractiveness effectively within market or an industry. The framework for Porters five forces analysis consists of these competitive forces such as the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the buyer power, the supplier power and rivalry among the competitors (Porter Bibb). These five forces shape the strategy of organizations (Porter Bibb). We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Motor Corporation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Motor Corporation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Motor Corporation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The automobile industry analysis enables Toyota to understand what forces determine profitability of the automobile industry, what is the current absolute and relative profitability of the industry based on these forces, how these forces re changing and expected to change, and how those changes affect future profitability (Miser 2014). 2. Industry Overview Page 5 The automobile industry is one of the most essential economics sectors and industries. It also represents 3 to 3. 5% of GAP, and creates one in every seventeen jobs in the United States (US). The number of car production in US is almost 2. 7 million and that represents 4. 9% of world production in 2011. The first place of global car production is held by China (24%) and followed by Japan (1 1. 9%) (Worldliest 2014). The US market represents twenty three ere cent of global number of sales of light and passenger vehicles as in term Of 16. 5 million sales units (Euler Hermes Group 2014). The trend of customers demand in a car m anufacturing industry is varied with prices of product or gasoline, per capita disposable income, and advancement of technology in vehicle production (Euler Hermes Group 2014). For example, during past five years, the growth of environmental concerns and dynamic increase of the fuel prices have shifted the preferences of consumers away from fuel- guzzling pickup trucks to more fuel-efficient and smaller cars. As a result, nonusers highly demand more felicitating vehicles. In this century, a company which can innovate and produce more fuel-efficient vehicles than competitors gains competitive advantages and market shares (N com 2013). Apart from that, product innovation can stimulate demand in regard with more fuel-efficient vehicles such as electric models and hybrids than in the past. Nowadays people are more interested to invest on the car that are fuel efficient. Moreover, vehicle prices are tied to materials and equipment costs. For instance, the higher steel and prices raise purchasing costs, and also retail rice. The affordability for consumers is determined by per capita disposable incomes (Gnomon 2013). Increasing income level and incentives makes users more affordable to buy motor vehicles. Besides that, the number of financing companies in automobile industry increases significantly over the last few years. Due to this, the number and range of automobile loans are increased and that make industry demand stronger (Gnomon 2013). Furthermore, , according to Michael Porter (1980), instabilities of economic conditions such as material shortages, labor supply shortages; strikes, and purrs in demand can influence the profitability of almost all businesses in an industry for short-term period. Porter (1 980, p. ) also says: While such factors have tactical significance, the focus of structural analysis is on identifying the stable, underlying characteristics of an industry-its economic and PEP PROBLEM Page 6 technological structure that shapes the arena in which competitive strategy must be set. Whether the success or fail of a competitive strategy, it depends on how a firm relates to its environment. The main aspect of the firms environment is he industry in which it positio ns and operates (Make 2011). The effect of industry structure is eve strong in defining not only the rules of the competitive game but also the strategies potentially available to the organization (Porter 2004). The available potential is not equal for all industries especially in profit potential. Over time, there will be the movement on the structure of industry gradually, and organizations will have unique weaknesses and strengths in dealing with structure (Porter 2004). Therefore, it is crucial for all firms that the strategy analysis must be started through understanding industry Structure (Porter 2004). In today modern society, automobile is one of the most convenient transportation equipment. As a result of globalization, foreign auto dealers are able to enter American market easily, and thus, competition is stronger and stronger in the market. The US automobile industry is mainly dominated by the big three domestic automotive manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford and Daimler Chrysler (Shinny 2012). However, the foreign car manufacturers, Toyota and Honda are the biggest competitors in this industry (Business Wire Inc. 013). Due to the higher oil prices, movement towards green technologies, and the global economy, the more fuel efficiency and technological innovation like Hybrid vehicles are being demanded among consumers (Shinny 2012). This is a great opportunity for Toyota to increase market shares by innovating and producing high technological and more fuel efficient vehicles. 3. Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japan-based auto manufacturer which was founded in 1937. The main business engine of Toyota is producing and selling different types of cars and vehicles which suit to different size of households ND corporate uses around the world. Toyota also sells the related parts and accessories to meet the markets needs and wants (Gnomon 2013). The primary market areas of Toyota Motor PEP PROBLEM Page 7 Corporation are Japan, Europe, North America, and Asia. Toyota, Lexus, Hon, and Dadaists are current brand of Toyota Motor Corporation, the leading auto manufacturer, which competes in the automobile industry and also is the eighth largest company in the world (Toyota Bibb). As of March 31, 2014, the annual revenue of Toyota Motor Corporation was 25. 69 trillion yen, an increase of 16. % compared to the last financial year. Operating income before tax increased from 1. 32 trillion yen in 201 3 to 2. 29 trillion yen in 2014 due to the major factors Currency fluctuations of 900 billion yen, marketing activities of 1 80 billion yen, and cost reduction efforts of 290 billion yen. The consolidated vehicle sales increased by 245,369 units from 2013 and the vehicle sales totaled 9, 1 16,033 units in 2014 (Toyota AAA). Industry analysis empowers an organization to develop a competitive strategy that leverages the competitive forces in its favor and best defends against hem (Clark 1 991 Understanding the sources of the competitive forces is essential to develop a competitive strategy (Make 201 1). From this understanding of these competitive forces, the company can emphasis areas where industry trends indicate the greatest significance as either opportunities or threats (Industry analysis and competition: porters five forces 2014). 4. Porters Five Forces on Automobile Industry When the rates of return are higher than the adjusted free market return, it spurs the inflow of capital into an industry either through additional investment by existing competitors or through new entry. Michael Porter (1980, p. L ) stated that the strength of the competitive forces in an industry determines the degree to which this inflow of investment drives the return down to the free market level, hence the ability of firms to sustain above average returns. The state of competition in an industry depends on five basic competitive forces. Porters five forces is a framework that analyses how five key competitive forces affecting the profitability level of an industry and shaping the competitive strategy Of a firm (Porter Bibb). Moreover, these five forces determine the structure of an industry too. The weaker the competitive forces in the industry are the more profitable it is. An industry With high PEP PROBLEM Page 8 buying power and supplying power or few buyer and suppliers but many substitute products, weak barriers for entry and competitors will become aggressive and strongly competitive, and thus, not so attractive because of its low profitability (Gnomon 2013). Evaluating companys competitive position in the industry and identifying the weakness and strengths that maintain and strengthen that position is the major duty of every strategist (Clark 1991). Porters five forces model, the analyzing tool, is very useful to develop the strategy of company in enhancing its long-term profit as it discloses how powerful each of the five forces is in a particular industry (Industry analysis and competition: Porters five forces 2014). This model can provide an analysis of IIS automobile industry competitive nature in details and assist in assessing the strength of competitive and the position of the company in the market. A successful competitive strategy is also a purpose of the attractiveness of the industries in which the firm competes and of the firms elated position in those industries. Porters five forces are the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers and the rivalry between the existing competitors (Porter Bibb). 4. Threat of new entrants All entry barriers can and do change the conditions of industry. In the auto industry, economies of scale increased extremely with post-war automation and the successful new entry is being stopped due to the vertical integration in the market. Economies of scale are very hard to be achieved by small companies. Company strategic decisions mainly impact on entry barriers if the changes of entry bar riers are beyond a companys control (Grungy 2006). Therefore it is very important for every company in any industry to understand the level of threat for entry. The main factors contributed into a barrier to entry caused are an initial capital investment, switching costs, financial prudence, government policy, unregulated technology matters or the role of buyers and suppliers of the particular industry. The automobile industry is protected by the high barriers of entry to introduce new products. There are very few new players who could successfully venture into the automobile industry because of the large amount of capital investment requirements PEP PROBLEM Page 9 to set up producing facilities and a distribution network. Moreover, the achievements of existing global major competitors from economies of scope and scales cause difficulties for a new entrant in offering competitive price. In auto industry, the brand equity is one of the most significant barriers for new entrants. Due to the issues of reliability, durability and safety are important, consumers made the decision based on the impression of a model on the manufacturers previous performance on these issues (Shinny 2012). Therefore, the reputation and image of the brand is extremely crucial to customers. These are one of the factors makes a new entrant difficulty in competing. In order to overcome this barrier, it takes many years for a new entrant in building a strong enough reputation and image to be competitive. Since Toyota is the well-known Japan car brand, large size, and unshakable market presence in various segments, Toyota gains a competitive advantage over new entrants in the automobile industry (Baggage 2001 In addition, the age sum of capital is required for initial investment. It is very costly and risky to enter a car manufacturing market as the competition between the companies is very intense and the well established companies dominated the market. In US car manufacturing industry, the big three domestic companies (General Motors, Ford and Daimler Chrysler) hold the most Of the market shares. US Government Even if new entrants could achieve the market share with bringing innovative ideas and products to the industry, they may expect to face high retaliation from existing companies. However, some players may have special skills or resources that aid them to overwhelm barriers to enter an industry more easily and cheaply than most other players. As a result of the increasingly global nature of economy and emergence of foreign competitors who belong to the capital, management and marketing skill and technology, there is an increase in the threat to the domestic industry. In the case of Toyota entry to US market, Toyota can use the cost advantage of the Toyota Production System (TAPS) to plunder into US market. The tactic of the TAPS system is less of everything usage: less human effort in the factory, less investment tools, less manufacturing and storage space by using Just-in-time system, and half the engineering hours to develop new products compared to European and American manufacturers (Takeover Petersen 2006). The commitment of Toyota to quality, fuel PEP PROBLEM page 10 efficiency, and low cost made Toyota cars more demand and preferable than German and American cars. As an evidence of increasingly global nature, the table of global car production rates can be seen in Appendix 1 . . 2 Threat of substitutes All firms in an industry are broadly competing against each other by reducing substitute products. Substitute products and services limit the profit potential and attractiveness of an industry with the cap of price level. As the price-performance trade-off offered by substitutes became more attractive, it became more difficult to gain the industry profits. The US industry trend s indicate that a significant part of car demand is taken by the used car market as the consumers still have a confidence with the used car. In order to gain the market share from the used car industry, Toyota has narrowed the price gap between its own automobiles and the used cars with TTS ability of efficient price cutting system. Substitutes often became more active as long as the industries development became more competitive and causes price reduction or performance improvement. The factors contributed in the search of substitutes are switching costs, price, quality, government regulations, tax policies, government grants and subsidies (Monteverdi Tech 1982). Currently, an example, the U. S government is promoting solar heating by granting the research funds and tax incentives. In addition, there are the effect of safety and pollution standards on relative cost and quality of substitutes. A shift towards a knowledge economy and rise of online system reduce the need for a two or more vehicle household. According to the Center Of Automotive research, current the number of cars at 2. 1/ household will be the highest point and it is estimated to drop the level to 2. Peer household or less by 2025 (Shinny 2012). The result of this research also highlighted that the market opportunities of US domestic companies rely on segmenting into market which supplies alternative transport or hybrid vehicles with low cost (shinny 2012). Another risk to become substitutes is an availability of several alternative hypes of transportation such as trains, buses, bicycle, planes or motorcycles available. These _ probative Page 11 substitute transportation almost always cost less and sometime are more environment-friendly but rarely offer the same level of convenience. . 3 Bargaining power of buyers As buyers have an ability to bid down prices, play competitors off against each other, and demand higher quality or more service, buyers are the representatives of a competitive force. The conditions making buyer powerful are a number of characteristics of its market situation and how important its arches is by being viewed as an industrial level. The Lager volume Of purchase relative to sellers sales become, the m ore powerful buyer group will be (Grungy 2006). In the auto industry, most of the buyers are individual and the bargaining power is higher for corporate or governments who usually buy large fleets compared with individual consumers. Moreover, consumers will easily switch to other suppliers if industry products are standardized and undifferentiated, and the switching cost is also reasonable low (Monteverdi The recent trends of automobile industry indicate that the consumers are seeking more fuel-efficient cars as the impact of the rising oil prices. This also results in an increase of hybrid cars demand because it offers cheaper alternatives for operating the vehicle (using battery to run the car if the running speed is under 60 to km) together with higher expectations of product quality (Takeover Petersen 2006). Moreover, since there are plenty of choices for buyers in car industry, the bargaining power of buyer is quite strong and buyers can easily choose other car brands. Buyers can also use alternative types of transportation with low cost. In addition, buyers are price- insensitive and their decision in buying vehicle is impacted by the vehicle cost (Sudsier 2001). However, Toyota implements the cost cutting practices in its production system to offer the price that the buyers expect to pay and to locate its products into a more advantageous position compacted to its competitors. It is proven by the number of Japan brand sales in US auto industry in Appendix. 4. 4 Bargaining power of suppliers page 12 Suppliers can exert a competitive force on an industry because they can raise prices or reduce the quality of the goods they supply. Increasing price can enemies profitability of an industry due to failure to recover cost increases in its own prices. The factors influencing buyer power have inverse effect on the power of suppliers. If supplier market is monopoly or only limited choices available for buyers, there will be considerable influence on prices, terms and quality (Sudsier 2001). The suppliers in the automobile industry have low bargaining power and are likely to be smaller than manufacturers. Therefore, numerous suppliers rely on one or two auto manufacturers to purchase the majority of their products. On the other hand, while the automobile supply equines is fragmented, they supply vital parts for car manufacturing and most of automobile manufacturers rely on the timely operations of supplier and stellar quality (Shinny 2012). Based on this fact, it is very common in signing long-term legally binding contract between supplier and manufacture accompanied by strict quality and standards. If a supplier either does not meet the standard set by the car manufactures or charge the price more than carmakers are willing to pay, auto manufacturer can easily find another supplier and even move its supply chain towards the cheaper supply markets n a different country (Monteverdi Tech 1982). For example, U. S automobile manufacturers outsource some parts of their product to be produced in China where the labor cost is cheaper than U. S. In the case of Toyota, more than ten different companies from U. S supply the goods to Toyota. The quality, cost and delivery of the products are the major qualifications that the company must have to be a Toasts supplier. If suppliers cannot comply with those basic standard set by Toyota, it is difficult for them to survive because losing the big manufacture like Toyota can stop heir whole operation and create financial difficulties as well. Therefore, strong relationship with the suppliers becomes one of the competitive advantages of Toyota. 4. Rivalry between the existing competitors The most of tactics used during rivalry between the existing competitors are price competition, product or service innovation, advertising battles, better customer benefits package, and increased customer services or warranties. Conditions that PEP PROBLEM Page 13 cause rivalry occurs are one or more competitors who see an opportunity to move up position in the market, industry pressure and an opportunity to expand the market share (Porter Bibb). In the automotive industry, the rivalry between existing competitors is very strong. There are a moderate number of competitors in this industry. As a large amount of initial capital investment, a firm would incur huge losses if it would decide to leave the auto industry. Therefore, a firm usually stays in automobile industry for the lifetime or leave the industry if it bankrupts. In the situation that the existing manufacturers will not leave industry easily and new entrants will also come in, it blows up rivalry among competitors in the auto industry. Competition is also fuelled by the changes of markets needs and expectations on quality, cost-efficiency and price. In automobile industry, especially in US, the higher consumer expectations and anticipation for the lower price is, the stronger competitive rivalry becomes (Seventy 2012). Offering high sales discounts by Big Three companies puts an additional pressure on Toasts costs cutting strategies and efficient production. 5. Recommendation Based on the above Porters five forces analysis, the some recommendations for Toyota are as follow: Focus on innovation and technology of fuel-efficient vehicles like Hybrid as true differentiation strategy according to Porters three strategy model. Expand market to rapidly developing countries by introducing products as per markets needs and want. Innovate advance technology for fuel economy, for example, conventional gasoline-fuel engine Improve the value chain to provide the wide range of customer services in order to persuade new consumers and increase brand loyalty. PEP PRIMPED page 14 Move the manufacturing facilities to Asia where Toyota can get cheaper cost for labor and factory expenses. Increase innovation and production of energy saving and environmentalists products. Focus on product quality to maintain brands image Keep on learning and improvement on manufacturing systems for efficiency. Emphasis on Americanism product design, manufacturing and marketing to expand market share in US automobile industry. Enforce compliance (laws and regulations) and actively participate in social contribution activities as a one of the missions of Toyota safety first. Manufacture more running cost-efficient vehicles at a relatively low price to follow the trend of US automobile market. In conclusion, Porters five force model provides a picture of the industry thin larger economic frameworks, especially with regards to the global economy and necessary changes that must occur in manufacturing. It helps organization to develop strategies for profitability by understanding five forces that shape competition. This will also put Toyota and US industry on a smart trajectory towards success. Moreover, Toyota must sustain its competitive advantages in global and US automobile industry such as strong brand, TOM, value chain, fuel-efficient (hybrid) vehicles and wide range of product offering to retain its position and achieve future success.

Essay Example on Cause of Crime

Essay Example on Cause of Crime Essay Example on Cause of Crime Essay Example on Cause of Crime Causes of crime are many and you cannot cover all of them sufficiently in your essay. Therefore, you should focus your essay to several key causes of crime and develop your essay on the chosen aspects. For example, you can write an essay about the alcoholism and its effect on crime. Alternatively, you may try to establish the link between crime and poverty. The following essay sample covers several causes of crime. We hope you will find a couple of useful ideas to develop your own essay. In addition, do not hesitate to contact us if you need help with essay writing or looking for any type of assistance. Moreover, we deliver free essay outline and cover page with every essay we write. Cause of Crime: Essay Excerpt Since people must recognize other abundant causes of crime than drink, but also that intemperance, if not a primary cause of crime, may have been an excitant to misconduct of secondary or even remoter importance, the first step in this investigation was to devise a scheme of inquiry which, although brief and simple, would bring out the essential facts in their proper relations. Our executive essay writers take note that it has been sought to cover the all-important ground by a schedule containing these queries: "Did any of the following causes lead to a condition which induced the crime: (a) Unfavorable environment of birth and early life, such as parental neglect, want of education, etc.? (b) Lack of industrial training? (c) Intemperance: (personal?) (ancestral?) (of associates?)" It might have been interesting to elaborate the schedule, asking with regard to intemperance, for instance, when drinking first began; when habitual inebriety became fixed; whether any deep-seated malady had followed or preceded intemperance, either causing it or not; whether vitality had in some way become exhausted before intemperance became a habit, etc. But brevity and simplicity were essential in order to get any results. By demanding consideration of perhaps the two most fruitful generic causes of crime besides intemperance, it was hoped that the main factors in the production of criminals could be studied, not only independently, but in their relation to each other. As a further means to this end, the investigator was requested to "state relative rank of the causes enumerated (a, b, c,), if more than one of them must be considered in the present case." That is, the causes were to be grouped according to their relative importance as first, second, or third. The schedule also ca lled for information relating to place of birth, kind of crime for which committed, and whether it was a felony or misdemeanor. The last-mentioned distinction seemed important in view of the generally accepted fact that the proportion of misdemeanants whose criminal career has been influenced by the liquor habit is very much greater than that of felons. To maintain this distinction in the tabulation was, however, impossible, because the terms felony and misdemeanor lack a uniform definition in the laws of different States. Moreover, from the nature of the prisons dealt with, the percentage of convicts committed for misdemeanors was insignificant in proportion to their whole number. It seemed prudent to restrict the investigation to convicts in state prisons and reformatories for adults. By the way, there is another great sample of personal essay: Read also: Cause and Effect Essay Argument Essay Writing Argumentative Essay Writing Thesis Papers Writing a Dissertation Proposal

15 Things You Should Never Say at Work

15 Things You Should Never Say at Work Ever wonder what sets successful people apart in the workplace? They always seem to stand head and shoulders above the fray. Part of that is class and style. And part of that is knowing what to say, when to say it, and- more importantly- what not to say. Here’s a list of 15  things  you should  never say  in the workplace.1. Anything that remotely seems like gossipGossip is no good. It takes your focus and energy off doing your best work and can also be seen as petty and vindictive. Keep your eyes on your own desk and life and watch your social capital rise.2. Anything that seems like an excuseIf you can’t do something, don’t offer. And constant apologizing for being late or disrupting meetings? That only draws attention to the fact that you screwed up in the first place. Instead, don’t screw up. Make it a personal policy never to be late.3. â€Å"No†Successful people are a little bit fearless, and a lot ambitious. They may not always make g uarantees, but they don’t immediately say â€Å"no† either. Try, fail, try harder. Fail, fail better. Succeed.4. Complaints about the systemIf you’re bumping up against the work system and it’s curbing your style and your potential, ask yourself first if that particular obstacle is there for good. If it is, put your brain into figuring out how to work around it. If it isn’t, try to change it. Complaints won’t help in either case.5. Complaints about workloadMore work = more achievement = more success. Never complain about how much work you have. Get it done, then ask for more. And do it because it is a joy to do it, and to set yourself apart.6. Personal stuffSuccessful people keep work talk on work. It’s less complicated and more productive. And they can remain a bit of a mystery.7. Anything that makes you seem negativeDon’t be mean to your colleagues. Don’t tease them. Don’t be petty. Don’t engage in gossip . Keep your head above the fray and be nice to your colleagues and underlings. Avoid controversy. Keep your good name squeaky clean.8. Money stuffNever brag about your salary. And don’t show off your fancy toys. Stick to encouraging equal footing among your colleagues, and value talent, productivity, and hard work. Keep talk of money out of your office entirely.9. Your goalsSuccessful people rarely broadcast their goals. It not only adds to the pressure on them to achieve them, it keeps them from unnecessary scrutiny. And when they do succeed, the degree of their accomplishment gets to take people by surprise.10. â€Å"Me, me, me†¦and more about me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The best way to win people over is not to constantly talk about yourself. Listen and show genuine interest in your coworkers. Win hearts subtly and be genuine. It’s not all about you.11. â€Å"I might just give up†Successful people don’t even consider giving up. They think outside the box and find another way. But if they do consider it, they’d never say it out loud. Not even to themselves. Devote your energy to finding solutions.12. â€Å"I know enough†Successful people never say no to a learning opportunity. And they don’t feel bashful about admitting what they don’t know and allowing someone to teach them. A strong desire to learn is what keeps successful people on top of their personal wave.13. â€Å"I can’t help†Successful people aren’t ashamed to ask for help when they need it. And they always try to help someone out when they are asked for help. This is a great networking strategy as well.14.  Anything just for the sake of kissing up to someonePleasing other people should never be your motive. Be excellent. Be genuine. Win people over with your best qualities, not some idea of what you think they want to hear. And avoid trying to take shortcuts or sweeten up the boss by any other means. That’s transparent and won’t reflect well on you.15. Offensive jokesOffensive comments are wrong, but so are offensive jokes. Something offensive said in jest is still offensive. Don’t be rude. Be sensitive to the needs and feelings of others. And keep control of your emotions; that will keep you above the fray.

Project management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project management - Case Study Example As the total project duration is 64 weeks, Janis will easily finish the project in time provided that she starts over now that the date is 1 February, 2009 instead of the desired start date of the project that is 17 April 2009. Janis can not finish the project by 30 June 2010 if she starts at 17 April 2009, what to talk of finishing at 30 December 2009! If Janis starts working at 17 April 2009, she will have about 58 weeks to finish the project whereas the actual project duration is 64 weeks. So the project would be late by 6 weeks. Though, if she starts working at 1 February 2009, she would have 68 weeks to finish the project, and would thus finish a month earlier than 30 June 2010. By no way can Janis finish the project by December 2009 unless she crashes the schedule. As, determined from the CPM calculations, the total float is zero on activities 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, and 27, so Janis would have to cut short the duration of one or several of these activities if s he wants to finish the project till December 2009.

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM 1 writer for all 3 questions Essay

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM 1 writer for all 3 questions - Essay Example Requirement for decreasing transaction costs causes formation of economic institutions so as to achieve transactions in the framework and via it to reduce transaction costs (Williamson O. 1996). Williamson formulates a clear representation between the 3 dimensions of transactions and the cost-denigrating control structure, with diverse institutional agreements rising with special linking of these variables. Transaction in particular assets can help in earning quasi-rents and these quasi-rents render the motivation for distribution of struggle. Those Agreements which helps in influencing the allocation of the quasi-rent should be decided, supervised, and imposed. All these processes results in transaction costs. If opportunism jeopardises the persistence of the deal itself then amalgamation would be the best solution since it can successfully restrain opportunism. Williamson, Oliver E. ... (Adopted from Dnaiel 2003) Asset Specificity Asset specificity is a rationally understandable perception. It denotes to the level to which an asset can be redeployed to different uses, without surrendering its productive worth (Williamson, 1996). According to John and Weitz (1988, p 24), "Because non-redeployable specific assets make it costly to switch to a new relationship, the market safeguard against opportunism is no longer effective." Consequently, if asset specificity is high, TCE forecasts that the firm has a tendency to use more incorporated channel structures so that transaction costs can be minimised. The normal proposal has benefited some level of back up in existential research. Anderson (1985), John and Weitz (1988), Klein, Frazier, and Roth (1990), and Majumdar and Ramaswamy (1995) all feel that asset specificity is definitely linked to the point of channel integration. But, Aulakh and Kotabe (1997) could not discover a noteworthy outcome for asset specificity on channel combination. Two researchers discovered back up for the potential integration between internal uncertainty and channel integration. Anderson (1985) determines that the complexity of assessing salesperson execution is certainly linked to the utilisation of a company possessed sales force. In reality asset specificity produces a specific form of monopoly which is based on stretched link between economic agents. Considerable quantity of the transactions' unusual investment is an issue for competence. At the same time it links economic agents in such a way so that they have to reckon on each other very powerfully. There are events where the parties enlarge the specificity of the assets affected in the contract so as to protect against ethical danger. For instance

The Day I was Released from Jail Essay Example for Free

The Day I was Released from Jail Essay March 2nd of 2011 in Charlotte NC I just receive 2 phone calls. The first one was from my lawyer in Morganton notifying me that several indictments had come through. The other was from Detective South of the Burke County Sheriff’s Office, telling me that I had no choice but to turn myself in. I remember him saying â€Å"If you run I will find you†. I thought about running from my troubles, but that isn’t a life that I wanted. The next day I took the long drive from Charlotte NC to Morganton NC knowing that I was going to jail for a long time. I turn myself in at the Magistrates office thinking that I will be showed some leniency, after all I was only 18 years old and it was the first time I had been in trouble. I thought wrong, I was given copies of my indictments and arrest warrants, given a 23,000 dollar bond and placed in Jail. I cried like I have never cried before, after all I was only a teenager going to jail with grown men. The date is May 3rd of 2011, in Morganton North Carolina. I had just finished serving 61 days for multiple breaking and entering charges. The dreaded court date has arrived and I am scared to death. Breakfast trays came along, I was hungry but I knew I wouldn’t be able to hold anything down. After breakfast trays were picked up my name was called for court. I was taken out of my cell and put into handcuffs and leg cuffs along with a chain attached to the waist I was dressed in the customary Burke County black and white inmate uniform. This was the moment where I felt all alone in the world. My mom and dad weren’t going to be there every step of the way telling me it was going to be okay. I was 18 years old; in the eyes of the law you’re a grown man and will be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Fear and anxiety were my biggest emotions. We were led to the top of the stairs where our court proceedings would take place. The judge was in no hurry to see me, I waited for an hour alone with nobody to talk to or comfort me. Another hour passed in shackles; finally the holding cell door opened and a deputy said â€Å"Campbell court. † Walking up the hallway that leads to the courtroom felt forever, my emotions were taking over. My teeth were chattering, cold shakes, and the fear of the unknown was getting the best of me. As I shuffled into the court I felt everybody’s eyes on me. The judge was seated glowering at me. He then proceeded to ask the D. A what my charges were, as the D. A was reading my charges I felt paralyzed, I was only 18 years old and facing serious criminal charges. We then discussed the plea bargain that my lawyer, D. A and I all agreed upon. I remember not even reading the plea just thanking God that I was getting out of this hell hole. After the plea was signed and all parties were satisfied, my lawyer looked at me and said â€Å"Mr. Campbell I wish you the best of luck, and hopefully you have learned your lesson. † I remember being grateful that he shook my hand and wished me â€Å"good luck†. I guess because he was the only one who stood by me this whole time. May 3rd 2011 is my release date; it’s a date that I will always remember. After waiting in shackles for another hour I was released from Burke County jail. I had one phone call to make, I called my mom and told her I was released and needed a ride. The jailers wished me the best of luck and opened the front door to freedom. It’s amazing how your sensitive your eyesight is after two months in County Jail. The sun and the sky was never something that I appreciated when I was younger, but when I walked through that doorway and felt the wind blow my face I remember feeling nothing but gratitude. It was spring time so the grass was green, leaves were starting to grow back and the sun was out in full force! After getting my eyes adjusted to the sun, I was waiting for my mom to pick me up. As I was waiting I recollected what I had just been through and what could have happened if the judge hadn’t accepted my plea. I had to go next door to the courthouse and check in with the Probation Office. After I checked in I was given a Probation Officer (Clarence Davis). He explained the guidelines of probation and what he expected of me. We discussed the conditions of my release, fines, and drug classes that I would have to take. I had 48 hours of community service, some seriously big fines and a drug assessment. I didn’t care what I had to do as long as I was out of jail. Sitting in his office I was looking at his walls and certificates, thinking I wonder how hard he’s going to be on me and what can I slide by him? Mr. Davis was and still is a good man; I have shared my thoughts and feelings with him without holding back. He was a great person who helped me in any way that he legally could. He would later retire and be replaced by Robb Williams, but then Robb would shortly be replaced by Trisha Plaster. Walking out of the Probation Office I called my mom again and waited for her to come pick me up. I could have spotted her car a mile away in traffic. I was never so happy to see that 09 Pontiac Grand Am. I knew she would take me home and tell me everything would be okay, getting out of jail I needed that family support. I am very grateful for my parents and how they still loved me unconditionally even after everything I had put them through. She pulled up and we had a tearful reunion in the Court House parking lot. She bombards me with question after question. Some things I told her and some things I wanted to keep to myself. After getting the reunion over she asked me where I wanted to go eat. I already knew where I wanted to go, I wanted to go home. I didn’t care about eating I just wanted to sleep in my old bed and enjoy the comforts of home. To be able to take a hot shower anytime of the day and not having to wear shoes in the shower were things I had forgotten. When we arrived at the house I took a shower and talked to my dad. All the emotions and tears that I was holding in during that day were released on his shoulders. After we talked for a while I went to sleep thinking of what I would do the next day. I had no job and no car. I was basically starting from scratch; friends and family had deserted me. I went through a really depressive time, feeling sorry for myself and blaming others for the trouble I had been in, when really I had nobody to blame but myself and the decisions I had made. I felt like I had nobody to talk to. It took a really long time for me to get out of my depressive state of mind. I started hanging out with people in my past that I shouldn’t have been. Socializing with these people lead me to Marijuana, with that I was introduced to Roxy’s, Molly’s (Ecstasy) and Liquor. I loved partying and â€Å"living it up† yet at the end of the day I was still left with that feeling of emptiness. I lost track of what I needed to be doing to straighten my life out and was headed back where I came from. I remember deceiving my probation officer, I would go in he would ask me how I was doing. Of course I would lie to him and tell him everything is great, knowing that I had just smoked the week before. I had him and other people fooled, or so I thought. My parents had gotten with their pastor and he had contacted a few people to intervene in my lifestyle. I remember feeling so guilty and ashamed that I couldn’t stand it. I wanted to be the perfect kid who my parents could say â€Å"yeah that’s my son† and not be ashamed about it. Thankfully I was introduced to the youth pastor, he basically saved my life. After talking with him for a couple months I started my recovery process. To start my recovery I had to accept who I was and where I had been. No more feeling sorry for myself, it was time to do something about it. I regularly attended AA and NA meetings and met people whose life story matched mine. I got a sponsor and was starting to feel better about myself and others around me. After my mind set was changed and I started to see things in a different light I started to look for a job. I looked everywhere and found nothing. This time I didn’t get depressed, I came to realize that not everything is going to be easy. Finally I got a call from Case Farms wanting me to come to work for them. I worked there for 20 months, long enough to get a nice car and move out of my parents’ house. A week after I moved out my roommate got busted with 3 ounces of pot and a pill bottle of Opana 40’s. I remember my mom telling me to come back and live with them that I was headed back into trouble. Unfortunately I wasn’t ready for the freedom of living with roommates. I thought I knew everything, that I could only drink or smoke just a little bit, a pill here and there wouldn’t hurt anything. Every week was a party with drugs and alcohol. With the partying came the trouble, I was locked up again. I lost my car, home, and job. Usually I would throw a pity party, but that’s not going to help. Today I have College, True Friends and my Sobriety. I couldn’t and wouldn’t put a price on any of these. Today I am TRULY happy.

Gold :: essays research papers fc

Gold, nothing can compare to this precious metal. A symbol of wealth and prosperity, it has been a value for explorers and adventurers and a lure for conquerors. Today it is vital to commerce and finance; popular in ornamentation, and increasing importance in technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of gold is diverse. The chemical element gold is a heavy, soft metal. It weighs nearly twice as much as lead. Shiny and deep yellow in color, gold is one of two metals, which are not gray or white when pure. Gold is the most ductile of metals. Properties of gold are: ? Symbol - Au ? Atomic Number – 79 ? Atomic Weight – 196.967 ? Electron Configuration - -32-18-1 ? Group in Periodic Table – 1B ? Density at 68 F – 19.3 g/cm^3 ? Boiling Point – 5,370.8 F ? Melting Point – 1,945.4 F ? Number of Protons/Electrons – 79 ? Number of Neutrons – 118 ? Classification – Transition Metal ? Crystal Structure – Cubic Facts: ? Date of Discovery – Circa 3000 BC ? Discover – Unknown ? Name of Origin – From the Old English word geolo (yellow) ? Symbol Origin – From the Latin word aurum (gold) ? Uses – electronics, jewelry, coins ? Obtained From – crust of the earth, copper ores Atomic and Chemical Properties: In it’s usual state – atomic mass number 197 – gold is stable. However, there are radioactive (unstable) isotopes of mass number 186 to 196 and 198 to 203. Gold normally exhibits a chemical valence of one or three.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gold is the “noblest'; of the noble metals (gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium), so termed because of their inertness, or reluctance to enter into chemical reactions. Gold will not react with common acids but is attacked by a three-to-one mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. This combination is called aqua regia because it reacts with the so-called royal metal. Gold will not combine directly with oxygen, but oxides may be formed indirectly. Gold will also combine with the halogens (fluorine, chlorine bromine, and iodine) and with the cyanides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purity of gold is expressed in Karats (KT), on a scale of 24, or in fineness, on a scale of 1,000. Pure gold is 24 Karat or 1,000 fine. An alloy containing 75 percent gold would be described as 18- Karat gold or 750 fine. History:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo – Saxon gold; L. aurum, gold) Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quarts or pyrite.

Blood and Healthy Diet

Name: Kimberly SteeleBiology 182 Test 3 Answer 5 of the following. 5 points each 1. Explain why the hemoglobin concentration could appear deceptively high in a patient who is dehydrated. 2. Explain the correlation between sickle cell disease and malaria. 3. Describe the effect of an incompatibility between mother and fetus in Rh blood type. 4. What are antigens and antibodies? How do they interact to cause a transfusion reaction? * An antigen is a molecule that sometimes stimulates an immune response.An antibody is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antigens are what causes a person to need a transfusion because their body is resisting their own blood. Antibodies are what accept the new blood to use as their own. 5. What can cause an abnormally high or low white blood cell count? * Leukemia can cause a person to make a lot of white blood cells. They don't do the work of normal white blood cells, they grow faster than normal cells, and they d on't stop growing when they should. They no longer help your body fight infection. People with neutropenia have an unusually low number of cells called neutrophils. Neutrophils are cells in your immune system that attack bacteria and other organisms when they invade your body. 6. Why should hemophilia patients resist using aspirin? * Hemophilia is a rare blood disorder in which the blood does not clot normally. Asprin is an over the counter drug that thins your blood. If that person with hemophilia gets cut, the chances of them bleeding out are so much greater but there is nothing to stop it from bleeding. 7.Outline the pulmonary circuit tracing the blood from the vena cava to the aorta. 8. Describe the O2 and CO2 levels in the right and left side of the heart. 9. Why are the capillaries the ‘workhorse’ of the circulatory system? * Capillaries work in the same way as vessels and veins but they also help by receiving food molecules from the small intestine. And also if a vessel or vein get damaged, they can divert blood away from the injury to reduce blood loss. 10. Describe the role of diet in preventing coronary heart disease. – One step you can take is to adopt a healthy lifestyle.Following a healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and protein foods, such as lean meats, poultry without skin, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, and beans and peas. A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added sugars, solid fats, and refined grains. Solid fats are saturated fat and  trans  fatty acids. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of nutrients (such as dietary fiber).The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's)  Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)  and  Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)  are two programs that promote health y eating. If you're  overweight or obese, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Controlling your weight helps you control CHD risk factors. Be as physically active as you can. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. Talk with your doctor about what types of activity are safe for you. http://www. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/prevention. html

Ethnomethodology and symbolic interaction perspectives differ in their approach Essay

Ethnomethodology and symbolic interaction perspectives differ in their approach. Explain how these perspectives differ  Ethnomethodology and Symbolic interaction are both sub-categories in the social theory of interaction. Interactionism focuses on the details of people’s everyday lives and how people use symbolism to communicate but also to maintain our character and the impression others have of us as individuals. Both perspectives study similar parts of social interaction and look at behavioral and social norms in modern society. However they differ slightly in both their approach to analyzing social norms but also have different perspectives on the basis of modern social norms. Symoblic interaction studies and theorises the way in which individuals in society act towards each other based on the meaning that they have for different actions and processes. The meaning we attach to certain actions is the product of the individual’s previous social interaction and therefore the individual continues to handle and modify their own interpretation during all their social encounters. One of the founding theorists of the symbolic interaction was Herbert Blumer and he suggested that we attach meaning to the actions of other individuals and therefore we do not only respond to the actions of the individual but also to the meaning we attach to that action. Therefore people behave and react, in social interaction, because of what they believe and not by what is taking place at the time. Thus the construction of society is based on human interpretation of social action and therefore social bonds are only formed through two individuals interpretation of behaviour. The theory and meaning of Ethnomethodology can be formed by breaking down the word into its component parts. Ethno meaning people, method meaning method and ology meaning the study of makes Ethnomethodology the study of the method of people. A better definition of the theory is the study of society in everyday life and the analysis of the use of knowledge, actions and interpretations in social situation. Ethnomethodlogists are interested in understanding how an individual makes sense of the social world and is  linked to phenomenology. Harold Garfinkel emphasised the use of language and communication as way of analysing the way people make sense of their environment. This focus on language and communications gives us one of the key differences in the approach of both theories. Whilst Ethnomethodology puts emphasis on the role of language and communication, symbolic interaction puts greater emphasis on actions and interpretations of the individual in social interaction. The nature of meaning of social interaction is fundamental in both symbolic interaction and ethnomethodology. The definition of meaning and how it used and analysed is considerably different between the two perspectives. In symbolic interaction meaning is the interpretation given by the actor to the setting they are in therefore the meaning is the product of the individual’s social interactions but is interpreted on during the interaction. Blumer says ‘meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters’1. Despite ethnomethodologists agreeing with symbolic interactionists that meaning is formed in social interaction they differ in the fact that they insist that meanings only exist in certain circumstances and that developing and changing through differing forms of social interaction. This difference in the interpretation of meaning results in different views on certain types of research method and what data is used and the validity of that data. In ethnomethodology the focus is put on the social interaction or communication, they are studying, whilst it takes place and therefore video recording, live observation and audio recordings are used as the key methods of research and analysis. However in symbolic interaction there is much more focus put on field notes and post social interaction recollections such as interviews and group discussions which in the field of symbolic interaction is valid enough to gain the point of view of the actor. This is in stark contrast to ethnomethodology who believe that the actor’s point of view is irrelevant in sociological study. There is much criticism of the symbolic interactionist method as there is no set structure in their methods  and they rely heavily upon the actor to give his or her point of view which is conside red not valid by the ethnomethodologists. Both the theories have different perspectives on the role of the actor in a social interaction and he or she makes sense of their setting. Symbolic interactionists believe that the individual is the fundamental part to the processes and meaning of social interaction. Roles and identities are therefore attributed by the actor in social interaction and the social interaction happens in an internalised orientation where the actor can also take on the role of the other and has appreciation for the role of the other. Ethnomethodology has an alternative theory to the role of the actor and disagrees entirely with the role of the actor that is given by symbolic interactionists. Counter to symbolic interaction theory, ethnomethodology suggests that is not the actor that dictates the setting and meaning of a social interaction rather that the setting is self-organised and that organisation gives the roles of the actors and the others rather than it being chosen by their own consciousness. As w ell as this ethnomethodologists rarely refer to the â€Å"actor† in social interaction but rather chose to refer to each individual as a â€Å"member†. As such the â€Å"members† in a social interaction do not build it themselves rather they become a product of the interaction, this is in contrast to symbolic interaction where the actor builds the interaction from the inner self. In symbolic interaction each social interaction happens in a particular context and this can either be a lay context or a professional context. All contexts in symbolic interaction can be defined using ethnographic investigation by studying the context features of that interaction. Ethnomethodologists on the other hand believe that context is a product of the interaction and that any contextual features of an interaction are not clear beforehand but become clear during the interaction. Ethnomethodoligists such as Garfinkel do not believe that the symbolic interactionism’s view of context does not give and accurate description of every form of interaction and therefore the use of context in Ethnomethodology is merely an extra interactional feature. Ethnomethodologists study behavioural norms not only by looking at the individual interactions, like symbolic interaction, but by attempting to break these norms and studying how society and the individual react. Through this theory Ethnomethodologists believe you get a clearer consensus of what is the norm as people find it difficult to describe what is the norm as most of it is in the sub-conscious. Ethnomethodlogists believe that it is only when these norms and behavioural patterns are broken that the norms become more apparent as people are not become accustomed to react to the new form of behaviour. A famous example of this method was when college students in the US were asked to act like guests in their own homes. They were told to be impersonal but formal and to study the reaction of their parents and family. After explaining the experiment to their parents many parents described different reactions. Some parents believed they wanted something, others thought it was a joke and some believed they were hiding things. This experiment allowed the students to see that even informal norms that we take for granted in the home are carefully structured and by disrupting these norms they become clearer. However Ethnomethodology and Symbolic Interaction do have their similarities and despite their different approaches they do study the same area from similar perspectives. Both theories study the micro world of interaction theory and despite the fact that both are criticised for having a very narrow field of research they do look at very similar things. Although there is one area in which symbolic interaction is studied in the macro world and that is in Goffman’s study of ritual. Despite the fact that both theories study the perspective from the micro world, Ethnomethodology is rarely studied outside of two areas, the first being the household and the second being conversational. Ethnomethodology puts great emphasis on the role of communication in social interaction and therefore limits the field of study they can look at. Symbolic interaction covers a much broader field of study in the micro world. It does not only look at communicational interaction but also at the action and interpretation of the forms of social interaction. In conclusion it is obvious that these perspectives differ on how they  approach the subject of social interaction but there differences do not mean that they are not very similar fields of study. Mary Gallant suggests that both ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism share a ‘verstehen’2 approach and that they both ‘interpret behaviour by taking actors’ meanings into account’3. However where they differ is in their approach to the topic of social interaction and therefore they gain different kinds of understanding due to the fact that they are seeking answers to different questions. This is due to the fact that Ethnomethodology studies social interaction from a largely ‘phenomenological’4 viewpoint and looks at how individuals look at the real world with particular focus on communication and speech. Whereas symbolic interactionism is part of the ‘critical tradition’5 and looks more at how people give meaning to the wo rld around them. Despite the fact that as Dennis suggest the Ethnomethodological approach means that the symbolic interactionists focus on actor, meaning and context is ‘unnecessary’6 it does see it as a ‘valid sociological perspective’7. So although there are many differences in the perspectives the theories have on social interaction they do have similar ways of looking at the world and they do both study the same micro field of sociology. Word Count 1675 Bibliography 1. Blumer, Herbert. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Univ of California Press, 1986. 2. Dennis, Alex. â€Å"Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology.† Symbolic Interaction 34.3 (2011): 349-356. 3. Denzin, Norman K. â€Å"Symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology: A proposed synthesis.† American Sociological Review (1969): 922-934. 4. Gallant, Mary J., and Sherryl Kleinman. â€Å"SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM VS ETHNOMETHODOLOGY.† Symbolic Interaction 6.1 (1983): 1-18 5. Goffman, Erving. Interaction ritual: Essays in face to face behavior. Aldine Transaction, 2005. 6. Mead, George Herbert. Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Vol. 1. University of Chicago press, 2009.

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question Scott, you are right, we had discussed the clear liquid shortening and I thought I had stayed away from it until I saw the cubies. Yesterday, I went back to my supplier and commented about the mixing of Clear Liquid Oil and Clear Liquid Shortening. Undoubtedly, the grill cook was not aware the oil had been mixed until I saw it on the cubies and so Ive been told they have a new supplier and it will be only Clear Liquid Oil. I have asked them to keep the empty cubies for me, so I can use them for storage, etc. I will wait and see what happens. The kero I had mentioned mixing with my biodiesel is considered highway kero with taxes paid on it at the pump. In N.C. all of our kero is dyed, as well as off road diesel. Our DOT will spot check big rigs, but so far I havent heard of them checking small diesels. However, I never use dyed fuel in my pickup. Next door in S.C. all of the fuel is cheaper due to our state taxes being lower so the kero is actually cheaper than their diesel. Our kero is higher than our diesel and the diesel is 20 to 40 cents higher per gallon than our unleaded. Several years ago, I had an Olds with a GM diesel (converted gasoline to diesel) and the book allowed me to use 10 percent gasoline during the winter to keep the diesel from gelling. Do you think that would be wise to use gasoline in biodiesel during the winter? My friend that I was splitting the oil with has backed out of using SVO I think mainly due to the mods he would have to do to his truck. Anyway, he left me with some literature he had pulled off the internet about using SVO and unleaded gasoline. Im thinking that would be a great way to blow an engine or at least coke it pretty heavily in a short time. Looks like there is a little of everything on the net. Have a great day. Tom Hey Tom,As long as you can get highway kero, and its cheaper, go ahead and run it with a mixture of at least B20 to keep the lubricity up. Kerosene is often used as a thinning (viscosity reducing) agent to help prevent diesel (middle distillate grade #2) and biodiesel fuel gelling in cold weather, but it does reduce the fuels lubricity as well. Since biodiesel has a very high level of lubricity, the reduction from mixing with kerosene is minimal. With regular petro diesel, care must be taken to avoid over-thinning. To avoid this problem, most fuel distribution centers carry winter diesel (light distillate grade #1) for delivery to fueling stations in cold climates. Diesel engines, however, are remarkably tolerant of fuel formulations and can run on just about any low volatility oil based fuel, but of course that doesnt mean they should or that it is even legal (tax wise) or beneficial to do so. While the engines themselves (pistons and valves) are more or less indifferent to fuel types, the emissions and injection controls on modern clean diesel engines would likely be damaged by using any fuel other than ULSD or B5. For illustration purposes only, following is a (mostly complete) list of fuels that can be burned in a diesel engine: Diesel #1 Diesel #2 Diesel #4 ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel) Biodiesel (from B5 to B100) Kerosene Home heating oil Civil jet fuel (Jet A-1, Jet A, Jet B) Military jet fuel(JP-4,JP-5,JP-8) SVO (Straight Vegetable And this is interesting- your fuel prices in the Carolinas are different than ours further north. In central PA as of 05-20-08: No, the E85 price is not a typo. Ethanol based fuel has been about a buck a gallon cheaper for the last several years. Ive been experimenting with varying percentages of E85 in my gasoline powered 5.7-liter 1994 Chevy Silverado. A story about my results as well as doing a full conversion to E85 is in the plans. Which brings me to your question about running a gasoline and SVO (straight vegetable oil) mixture in a diesel. I would steer clear for the very reasons you mentioned as well as others from horror stories Ive heard. Diesels are compression ignition engines designed for dense, low volatility oil based fuels (diesel, biodiesel and kerosene). Gasoline style engines are spark ignited and require light and highly volatile fuels (gasoline, alcohol and E85). It doesnt take a stretch of the imagination to understand that an improperly-mixed amount of gasoline and vegetable oil (too much gasoline) could easily prematurely ignite (detonate) and destroy a diesel engines pistons and/or va lvetrain. Reciprocally, Ive heard stories of mixtures with too much veggie oil gumming up and clogging filters, pumps and injectors. In my opinion, there are only two safe methods to run vegetable oil in a diesel engine: Use properly manufactured biodiesel, or install a conversion kit that heats (thus reducing viscosity) the SVO before introduction to the fuel pump and injectors. As always, Tom, thanks for the great comments and questions. Best,Scott

Significant Figures Example Chemistry Problem

Significant Figures Example Chemistry Problem Here are three examples determining significant figures. When asked to find significant figures, remember and follow these simple rules: Any nonzero digit is significant.A zero between two nonzero digits is always significant.Trailing zeros are significant if they are at the end of a number and to the right of the decimal point.Leading zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. For example, placeholder zeros in the number 0.005 are not significant (only the 5 is significant).If a number ends with a zero, but it is not to the right of a decimal point, it may or may not be significant. Generally, its safest to assume it is not significant. If you take a measurement where the final zero is significant, be sure to include the decimal point to make yourself clear. Significant Figure Example Problem Three students weigh an item using different scales. These are the values they report: a. 20.03 gb. 20.0 gc. 0.2003 kg How many significant figures should be assumed in each measurement? Solution a. 4.b. 3. The zero after the decimal point is significant because it indicates that the item was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.c. 4. The zeros at the left are not significant. They are only present because the mass was written in kilograms rather than in grams. The values 20.03 g and 0.02003 kg represent the same quantities. Answer In addition to the solution presented above, be advised you can get the correct answers very quickly by expressing the masses in scientific (exponential) notation: 20.03 g 2.003 x 101 g (4 significant figures)20.0 g 2.00 x 101 g (3 significant figures)0.2003 kg 2.003 x 10-1 kg (4 significant figures)

Freud - fear and fantasy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Freud - fear and fantasy - Essay Example The goal of this paper is to critically analyse how Newton’s TV ad appeals to its contemporary consumers through fear and fantasy symbols and suggestions. The framework of psychoanalysis will be used to interpret the meaning of this advertisement to target market segments. This advertisement uses fear and fantasy to respond to the unconscious desires of killing the ageing self, repressing sadism, and pursuing role reversal, and the conscious desires of being young and beautiful again, because of its underlying sexual and power benefits. One of the most powerful unconscious desires concerns violence, which in the advertisement’s case, refers to self-harming the ageing self. Freud's theories of aggression were multifaceted and evolved all through his lifetime. He first saw aggression as part of the sexual instinct that drives the â€Å"service of mastery† (Freud, 1905 cited in Yakeley and Meloy 2012, p.231), but afterwards, he believed that aggression constitutes a reaction to both internal and external risks, such as loss, and promotes self-preservation (Freud 191 cited in Yakeley and Meloy 2012, p.231). ... It indicates the subconscious hatred to be old, because to be old means being left behind, losing one’s social connections, and feeling weak, helpless, and unneeded. In the article, â€Å"When the Glass Is Full,† Bolgar (2002) talked about Erikson’s stages of human life, where old age is characterised as a struggle between â€Å"integrity† and â€Å"despair† (p.640). He believed that during this time, anxiety is based on â€Å"transference† or â€Å"resistance† to ageing (p.642). The resistance can be so fierce that negative emotions are attributed to the aspect of growing old. The â€Å"Olay Total Effects† ad maintains that old age is something people do not have to embrace in the physical sense. The signs of old ageing, it suggests, are repulsive, and the only way to preserve life’s beauty is to remain young-looking through using its product. Ageing is the first stage before dying, and so striving to look young as long as possible is critical to killing the ageing self. Looking youthful makes people feel less vulnerable to death. It seems that they are delaying the inevitability of their mortality. The compulsion is to use age-defying products, so that women can resist ageing. Newton’s Olay ad promises the fountain of youth. If Newton can kill the ageing self, then other consumers can also do this, without feeling guilty about it. The ad is saying that its product is the answer, or more specifically, the acceptable answer to the fear of ageing. They cannot harm themselves to fight the signs of growing old. Their anger can be diffused through doing something about their fear of ageing; this can be attained through decreasing its signs. This ad asserts that it can offer something

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company support your answer with examples - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the effects of motivation in the workplace. The employees responsible for maintaining a workforce motivated are the managerial staff. The manager is also accountable for the overall performance of the workforce and the company as a whole. There are different techniques that managers can utilize to motivate the staff. A technique that can be used to motivate workers is reinforcement. Reinforcement is the administration of a consequence as a result of a behavior (Schermerhorn, et al.). The use of reinforcement can help increase the persistence of a worker. Two conditioning theories associated with reinforcement are classical conditioning and operating conditioning. Classical conditioning is a form of learning that takes place due the presence of stimuli that manipulates behavior. Giving a dog a steak after an action is an example of classical conditioning. In human beings an example of stimuli at work is seeing the boss smile. Operan t conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it manipulates the consequences. Managers can use positive reinforcement to increase the likelihood of an employee repeating a behavior. An employee can also be influenced not to commit certain behaviors by imposing negative reinforcement consequences such as punishment. Content theories of motivation deal with an attempt to satisfy individual needs. A popular content theory that managers can use to motivate the staff is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is composed of a pyramid of five needs. The five needs of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization (Cherry). The physiological need deals with the need for biological maintenance including food, water, and substance. A manager can ensure this need is met by giving the workers a lunch hour, two fifteen minutes breaks during the shift, and as many bathroom breaks as needed. Safety has to do with the need for security and protection. Hiring a security guard to secure the work premises is a way to comply with the worker’s security need. The social need is associated with love, affection and sense of belongingness. A manager can help comply with the social need in a company by fostering a work environment of collaboration and teamwork. The esteem need deals with the need for respect, prestige, recognition, competence, and mastery. A good manager can comply with this need by promoting from within and by creating a code of ethics at the firm. Self-actualization is the highest order need of the pyramid. This need is associated with desire for fulfillment and to be able to expand and use a person’s abilities. Managers can help fulfill that need by offering training and development opportunities to its employees. A process theory of motivation that can help managers inspire their workers is equity theory. According to equity theory an individual’ s motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management (Managementstudyguide). When an employee feels there is an injustice in his level of pay in comparison with other employees with the same level of experience and job position the worker will react adversely to the situation. The perceived injustice will cause the employee to lose motivation and perform poorly. A manager can comply with the implications of equity theory by working with the human resource department to analyze the salary scales of

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

International Business - Essay Example No doubt, the country observed negative economic growth due to worst economic recession during 2008 – 2009, which reduced its per capita income from $14,500 to$13,500. The total labor force of this nation is estimated to be 47 million out of which nearly 5% is unemployed. The share of two major industrial and services sectors in GDP is nearly 33% and 63% respectively. In addition, there is special attention over use of modern technology and latest equipments at private and public offices, educational institutions, hospitals, households etc., which is why the manufacturing and imports of durable consumer products and electronics are ranked number 2 across Mexico. In the light of above statistics, it is justified to argue that Overhead Projectors (OHP) are although locally manufactured (to some extent) by domestic industry, yet they are heavily imported from China, Canada, India Japan, USA etc. (CIA World Fact Book, 2010). Unfortunately, the researcher has failed to garner statistics regarding total demand of office equipments or OHPs as well as on import volume of the chosen product. Indeed, it should be highlighted that there is no data available on internet that could provide near-to-accurate idea of demand of OHPs in quantitative terms. However, some of the major suppliers of Overhead Projectors include 3M Mexico, Hotline CPT Ltd, Cartridge Plus Inc., Vcom International Multimedia Corporation etc. are some of the international companies that have been supplying computer accessories and overhead projectors across lucrative Mexican market. As far as the quality and useful life of OHPs are concerned, it is worthwhile to mention that various local and international brands of OHPs are available in Mexican market having useful life of 2000 – 15,000 hours. The better the quality and useful life, the higher the prices charged from sellers. In other words, the prices are in a range of $500 - $4,000 depending upon quality, life, brand

Comprehensive Problem Essay Example for Free

Comprehensive Problem Essay Dr. Harold Wolf of Medical Research Corporation (MRC) discovered a unique electronic stimulator that is said to have the capability of reducing the pain from arthritis. Even though the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) still has to approve the device, and the testing is in the early stages, the interest generated is powerful. Dr. Wolf has received three offers from interested parties and needs to decide which offer would make the most business sense. Offer One includes additional monetary incentives depending on the success of the device, Offer Two proposes a percentage of profits that would increase as sales are expected to increase and the final offer is the setup of a trust fund in an annuity over the next eight years. For discussion purposes here, each offer will be calculated to find the present value and then summarized; the offer with the highest present value will be identified for Dr. Wolf to review. Offer OneIn this offer, Dr. Wolf is expecting a future value of $4,200,000 in 15 years at a 10% interest rate, in which the probability of the expected future value is 70%. The numbers used in getting the future value is to add the present values of $1,000,000, $200,000, and $3,000,000. The present value for the first offer is $1,005,446.61 which is an increase of $3,194,553.40 for the future and since this calculation has a 70% probability of happening, the first offer would be a good decision. See the calculations below:FV=1,000,000 + 200,000 + 3,000,000 =$4,200,000N =15I =10%PV=$8,974,419.42Offer TwoIn this offer, 30% of the buyers gross profit on the product for the next four years is the incentive Dr. Wolf must decide on. Zbay Pharmaceuticals would be the buyer whose gross profit margin was 60%. If offer two were accepted by Dr. Wolf, his future value after just four years would have amassed approximately $3,138,300. This value assumes that he did not withdraw his profits and let the balance sit and gain 10% interest on the balance of the money and that sales grew by 40% in each of the subsequent years as anticipated by Zbay. Waiting till the fourth year to withdraw funds allowed the unused balance to compound interest payments. In general, this would be a good decision for the Dr. to accept, even considering the tax consequence that he would assume at the end of the four years. With the product not being approved by the FDA, Zbay Pharmaceutical has assumed all the risk which makes the offer even more lucrative. PV:2,000,000 the first year and 40% Growth each additionalFV: $5,488,000N: 4 yearsPV Profits: $360,000 year times 10%interest ($396,000)I: 10%FV Profits: $3,138,300Offer ThreeFor Offer three, Dr. Wolf may opt for a trust fund over the next eight years. Once that period was over, he would receive the proceeds discounted back to the present at 10%. At that time, he would receive semi-annual payments in the amount of $400,000 per year beginning immediately in an annuity due. This may be a worthwhile option to consider depending on the future business plan Dr. Wolf has. This would make the present value $1,721,216. The chart is shown below. Periods: 12 3 4 5 67 8$400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000Present Value (PV) = $1,721,216Highest Present Value and ReasoningPresent value is the value on a specific date of a payment or payments in the future that have been calculated to show the time value of money as well as other factors. These calculations are used industry wide as a method of the comparison of cash flows at different intervals over the life of the project. The basic present value formula is: PV=FV∙PVIF(r, n). The formula for an annuity is similar: PV=PMT∙PVIFA(r, n). In that case, n=number of periods, r=interest rate in the period, PV=present value at the beginning and FV=future value at time n. There are many financial arrangements that are set up with structured payment schedules and the term annuity is used to refer to that set up. A stream of cash flow that has a limited number of payments periodically that are to be received at given times is an annuity. If the payments were to be received indefinitely, then it would be perpetuity (Block, 2005). Based on this information, Offer I has the highest present value at $8,974,419.42At first glance, it is difficult to determine which offer might be the most beneficial offer for Dr. Wolf to choose. The first offer includes additional incentives relating to the success of the device, the second offer a percentage of profits also relating to the success of the device, while the third is an annuity in trust over the next eight years. Offer One has a present value of $8,974,419.42, Offer Two has a total present value of $2,524,713 and Offer Three has a total present value of $1,721,216. Given that Offer One of Dr. Wolf expecting a future value of $4,200,000 in 15 years at a 10% interest  rate, in which the probability of the expected future value is 70%, this would be the most advantageous offer for him to accept. References: Block, Stanley B., Hirt, Geoffrey A., Foundations of Financial Management (11th ed.),Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2005, Burr Ridge, IL.